Solar flares are intense and sudden bursts of energy that occur on the Sun's surface. They are caused by the release of magnetic energy stored in the solar atmosphere. The Sun's magnetic field is constantly changing and reorganizing, and when the magnetic field lines become twisted and tangled, they can suddenly snap and release a tremendous amount of energy in the form of a solar flare.

The energy released during a solar flare can be equivalent to millions of nuclear bombs exploding simultaneously. The released energy is mostly in the form of electromagnetic radiation, including X-rays and gamma rays, as well as charged particles like electrons and protons.

Solar flares are typically observed near sunspots, which are dark areas on the Sun's surface with strong magnetic fields. These flares can cause sudden and temporary increases in the brightness of the Sun and can have significant effects on space weather near Earth. The high-energy particles and radiation emitted during solar flares can interfere with satellite communications, affect astronauts in space, and even cause geomagnetic storms on Earth.

Solar flares are classified into different categories based on their X-ray intensity, with the most powerful ones being labeled as X-class flares. M-class and C-class flares are less intense but can still have notable impacts on Earth's space environment. Scientists study solar flares to better understand solar activity and its influence on our planet and the wider solar system.